Sudden attack japones
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Among survey participants from Okinawa, 81.8% bathed in a tub zero to two times per week, and only 10.8% did so almost every day, while these figure 6.4% and 71.9%, respectively, in the other three prefectures. In the present study, we also excluded the participants from Okinawa, which is in a subtropical region, as bathing habits in that prefecture differ considerably from in other parts of Japan. 11 A baseline self-administered questionnaire was distributed in 1990, with 42 840 (94.8%) participants completing a survey including information on tub bathing. The study design is detailed in a previous article. Excluding the participants from Tokyo, because of the unavailability of incidence data, we used 45 168 participants for the present analyses who were eligible for follow-up. The Japan Public Health Center-based Study Cohort I is a population-based prospective study of 61 595 Japanese adults aged 40–59 years and from five public health centre areas (Akita, Iwate, Tokyo, Nagano and Okinawa) as per national designation.
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We used a population-based prospective cohort in Japan to investigate the association between tub bathing frequency and risk of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death and stroke, and its subtypes in general Japanese population. Tub bathing is common in Japan, and frequent tub bathing may be related with Japanese people’s longevity, but no evidence has been available on its long-term effect on risk of CVD. 8 Conversely, it may be associated with sudden death, particularly in the elderly, by accidental drowning or heart attack triggered by a rapid change in body temperature, 9 or by heatstroke in which the increased body temperature cannot be controlled by diaphoresis, while such a risk has not been reported for sauna bathing. 7 It is also associated with good sleep quality and self-rated health. Tub bathing provides water pressure that increases stroke volume and cardiac output and reduces total peripheral vascular resistance. 6 However, a cardiovascular health benefit of tub bathing has remained to be investigated. Laukkanen et al, employing a 6-year population-based prospective cohort study, showed that sauna bathing was associated with a reduced risk of sudden cardiac death and fatal CVD. Further impacts on blood pressure and weight control were later reported from prospective studies. 3 The participants showed a 20% decrease in mean fasting plasma glucose and a 10% decrease in mean glycosylated haemoglobin. The impact of heat exposure on diabetes control was first suggested from a report published in 1998, in which eight participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus were asked to bathe in a tub for 30 min a day, 6 days a week for 3 weeks, and were compared before and after the intervention. Heat exposure through tub bathing has recently been examined as a potential means of preventing CVD. 1 2 Bathing is another lifestyle behaviour, and how people bathe differs widely across countries and cultures. Professor Hiroyasu Iso, Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi 567-0881, Japan .jpĬardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of premature death worldwide and is associated with individual lifestyle behaviours, such as smoking, physical exercise, drinking and diet. 8 Epidemiology and Preventive Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.7 Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.6 Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.5 Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.4 Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan.3 Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Health Services Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.2 Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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